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Artificial Ground Freezing on a Large Scale
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This paper reviews past mine projects where an innovative approach has been adopted using Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) on a large scale for their successful completion.
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Ground Freezing for Two Frozen Shafts at the Bergen Point Outfall Tunnel
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Artificial ground freezing provided temporary earth support and groundwater control at the launching and receiving shafts.
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Ground Freezing on a Large Scale and its Historical Importance in Deep Mine Development
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This article reviews past mine projects worldwide where ground freezing was essential for successful shaft sinking and surface drift construction.
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The Importance of Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) for Shaft sinking and tunneling
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Ground Freezing’s history, components (Analysis and design, Drilling and installation, Coolant distribution manifold, Refrigeration plant, Instrumentation, and Excavation), and historical and current use cases and implementations.
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Artificial Ground Freezing vs Grouting
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This paper attempts to identify some of the salient factors which influence the cost-effectiveness of the AGF process versus the use of grouting.
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Design of ground freezing for cross passages and tunnel adits
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Ground freezing has been used extensively in the last ten years for the construction of transit tunnel cross passages and SEM tunnels, as well as short adits for utility tunnels. This paper discusses the design procedures related to frost action.
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Factor of safety in ground freezing design
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Design of frozen earth structures for shafts, tunnels, and cross passages has evolved since the publication of guidelines in 2002 by the Working Committee of the International Symposium on Ground Freezing.
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New Design Method for Frozen Earth Shaft Support
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The first documented procedures for designing frozen earth structures are over 50 years old, implemented long before the introduction of the Finite Element Method (FEM). Since that time, the development of three-dimensional models has made the traditional and often over-conservative methods…
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The Use of Liquid Nitrogen Systems Converted to Brine
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There has been a trend in recent years in performing the initial formation freezing using liquid nitrogen (LIN) and then converting the system to circulating refrigerated brine. While proponents of this method state it decreases freezing time, it can also be considered an alternative to inadequate…
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Design of frozen Earth structure for cross passage excavation
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Ground freezing offers several advantages over other methods of ground improvement. The design of frozen Earth structure for cross passage excavation is discussed.
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Ground Freezing for Tunnel Shafts and Adits
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Ground freezing from the surface was selected as the the most technically appropriate method to provide temporary earth support and groundwater control during sewer tunnel construction as part of of D.C. Water’s Clean River Project. In addition, ground freezing provided significant advantages to…
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A successful case of water cut-off by ground freezing
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This paper describes the field and laboratory testing as well as the engineering analysis required for freezing to permit excavation below the existing liner plates and into the underlying bedrock.
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Grouting for Freezing
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This paper details the field procedures used to locate unfrozen zones, numeric modeling techniques to verify the effect of the groundwater velocity on the freezing process and the grouting procedures used to reduce the permeability. Methods of drilling and installing the grout pipes as well as…
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Forensics by Freezing
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This paper presents case histories where ground freezing was used as a remedial technique for slurry diaphragm walls, jet grouted base seals and secant pile excavation support. The paper evaluates the soil conditions and provides a forensic analysis of the cause of the complications that lead to…
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Coupled Heat Transfer and Groundwater Flow Models for Ground Freezing
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Recent software developments have introduced models that couple the traditional heat transfer model with groundwater flow models to evaluate the required freezing time for ground freezing systems and to evaluate the required refrigeration loads. This paper discusses the application of these models…
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Ground Freezing for Tunnel Cross Passages
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By freezing the zone between the two larger tunnels, the contractor can mine through the hard, water-tight ground without collapse or groundwater infiltration.
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TBM Repair Using Liquid Nitrogen
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During tunnel mining operations under the Fraser River in Vancouver, the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) was damaged and required immediate repair. Liquid nitrogen was used to freeze the soil at the cutter head so repairs could be completed.
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Artificial ground freezing: State of the practice
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This keynote paper is a tribute those devoted to the practice of ground freezing.
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Keller Ground Freezing brochure
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Ground Freezing is a cost-effective groundwater control technique when other conventional methods are not feasible.
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